In India, the Conference on Forests and Common Lands: Rights, Conflicts, Forest Rights Act (FRA) and Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) on December 18, 2012 launched a new suite of research conducted by RRI and the Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD). The research documents the historical and structural causes of a recent and significant upward trend in the transfer of extractive resources and land taking place across India in recent years, despite constitutional and legal guarantees. Over 60 government leaders, tribal and community representatives, civil society, and academic experts attended the conference.